Pheromones

Pheromones is the chemical that is secreted to trigger a response from the species of same or opposite sex. These have the capability of influencing the members of other or same sex outside the body of the host member. Pheromones can be broadly classified into the various categories namely alarm, food trail, sex and others that affect the physiological and behavioural aspect of the species affected by it. Some plants communicate through pheromones.
Pheromones evolved in animals to signal sex and dominance status and also responsible for social and sexual behaviour in the member of same species. Mammals have and vomeronasal organ in the nasal septum, the vomeronasal is present in most of the reptiles and amphibian but absent in birds and apes. Three different families of pheromones are present in vomeronasal organ namely V1Rs, V2Rs and V3Rs all comprising of coupled receptors.
Aggregation pheromones react to a danger of any predator and resistance from mass attack. The male produced pheromones are known as aggregation pheromones. These pheromones are used as the most ecologically effective pest removal methods due to their non-toxic nature. Epideictic pheromones are different from territory pheromones, when it comes to insects.
Releaser pheromones cause an alteration in the behaviour of the recipient. Some organisms use powerful attractant molecules to attract mates from a distance. These pheromones elicit a rapid response but quickly degrade. Signal pheromones cause changes as neurotransmitter release that activates a response. Primer pheromones trigger a change of developmental events that triggers a behavioural change.
Territorial pheromones mark the boundaries of an organism's territory. In dogs these are present in urine, that they leave at places to mark claimed territory.
Trail pheromones are common in social insects. Ants lay down an initial trail of Pheromones as they return to the nest with food. This trail attracts other ants and serves as a guide. In one species of ant, trails that no longer lead to food are marked with a repellent pheromone.
Information pheromone indication of an animal or territory. Egg Cats, Dogs deposit these pheromones to let other species know of their presence in that area. Sex pheromones are used by animals to know of female for breeding. Male animals release these pheromones to know about own species. Sea urchins release these in the water in the form of a chemical signal to trigger other similar species to release the sex cells immediately.
Pheromones also fulfil many other functions in worker bees, mammals and deceased organisms. Pheromones also play an important part in human beings in sexual arousal through a test study that displayed that female were stated as more attractive via males who could select them via smelling of their coupling leading to an increase in the testosterone level.

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